有道云笔记链接：
文档：GIS 历史.md（看图片用下面链接，听音频推荐使用“喜马拉雅app”）
http://note.youdao.com/noteshare?id=abd07bc79de3c283d82be576e0d3be60
音频：
http://m.ximalaya.com/sound/244326529
历程
GIS起源(GIS黑暗时代)
The first application of the concept was in 1832 when Charles Picquet created a map representing cholera outbreak across 48 districts of Paris. This map was an early version of a heat map, which would later revolutionize several industries.
- 1832年巴黎共和党人起义
- 查尔斯皮卡德
- 巴黎的48个区 霍乱
- 热力图
Inspired by Picquet, John Snow adopted the same principle to depict cholera deaths in London in 1854. He evolved the concept by presenting an argument developed from a spatial analysis of data.
- 受皮凯启发 英国约翰·斯诺
in rememberance of his great labours in science and of the excellence of his private life and character this monument 这座墓碑为了纪念他在科学方面的出色工作以及他卓越的私人生活品格
- 《霍乱群的论文制图分析》-《Paper Mapping Analysis with Cholera Clusters》
- 1854年描绘伦敦死亡
- 提出从数据的空间分析得出的论点来发展这一概念
- 霍乱袭击了英国伦敦市。英国医生约翰·斯诺（John Snow）开始绘制暴发地点，道路，财产边界和水线的地图。他看到霍乱病例通常在水线附近发现。
- 地理和公共卫生安全连接
- 约翰·斯诺（John Snow）被称为流行病学之父。证明GIS是解决问题的工具
In the early 20th century, a printing technique called photozincography was introduced, which allowed users to separate layers from a map. This meant different themes could be printed, but this did not represent a full GIS since there was no opportunity to analyze mapped data.
- 20世纪初
- 摄影锌版照相法，有时也称为日光摄影锌版照相法，但本质上是相同的过程，在商业上称为锌镀锌，是亨利·詹姆斯·弗里斯爵士（Sir Henry James FRS）（1803-1877）在19世纪中叶开发的摄影过程。
- 允许地图分层
- 可以呈现不同主题
- 不代表全部GIS 不能分析
- 问题
- 筛分贴图使用光平台上的透明层来识别重叠区域。但这带来了挑战：计算面积几乎是不可能的，数据比较粗糙且经常不准确，并且测量距离很麻烦。
GIS的使用（GIS开拓时代）
三个特点
- Map graphics as outputs using line printers.使用行式打印机将图形映射为输出。
- Advances in data storage with mainframe computers.大型计算机在数据存储方面的进步。
- Recording coordinates as data input.记录坐标作为数据输入。
But what GIS really needed was a brilliant mind to put the puzzle pieces together. GIS真正需要的是精明的头脑来将拼图拼凑在一起。
The concept of GIS was first introduced in the early 1960s, and it was subsequently researched and developed as a new discipline. The GIS history views Roger Tomlinson as a pioneer of the concept, where the first iteration was designed to store, collate, and analyze data about land usage in Canada. It was during Roger Tomlinson’s tenure with the Canadian government in the 1960s when he initiated, planned and directed the development of the Canadian Geographic System (CGIS). This was a key time in the history of GIS because many consider CGIS as the roots of Geographic Information Systems. CGIS was unique because it adopted a layer approach system to map handling. 在1960年代罗杰·汤姆林森(1933-2014)（Roger Tomlinson）在加拿大政府任职期间，他发起，计划并指导了加拿大地理系统（CGIS）的开发。这是GIS历史上的关键时期，因为许多人将CGIS视为地理信息系统的根源。CGIS之所以独特，是因为它采用了图层处理系统来进行地图处理。
- Michael Frank Goodchild-迈克尔 弗兰克 古德柴尔德——志愿地理信息（2019易智瑞用户大会）
- CGIS 加拿大地理系统 地理信息系统的根源 采用了图层处理系统来进行地图处理
- 加拿大占据着巨大的领土，加拿大土地存量清单的想法是在1964年提出的。但是直到1971年才开始全面运作。
- 加拿大土地清单利用土壤，排水和气候特征来确定作物类型和林区的土地利用能力。它迅速认识到准确和相关的数据对于土地规划和决策至关重要。
- 美国人口普查局是GIS某些核心原则的早期采用者。这是美国人口普查局的开创性工作，它使用数据格式GBF-DIME（地理基础文件–双重独立地图编码）导致了1970年人口普查的数字输入。
- GBF-DIME成为一种文件格式，支持数字数据输入，错误修复，甚至是Choropleth映射。
- 英国的兵器测量局也开始了常规地形图的开发。到目前为止，兵器测量局仍在产生许多不同的GIS数据产品，包括英国每个地方的每栋房屋，每道围栏和每道溪流
- 二十世纪世纪六十年代早期（1965年开始）
- 当做一个学科研究
- GIS历史视 罗杰·汤姆林森 为先锋
- 存储，整理和分析有关加拿大土地使用的数据
The second phase of development in GIS history occurred throughout the 1970s, and by the 1980s the concept progressed as national agencies adopted it, and invested parties began determining best practice. By the late 1980s, there was a focus on improving the usability of technology and making facilitates more user-centric.
- 横穿二十世纪其实年代到到二十世纪八十年代晚期
- 国家机构使用
- 投资机构确定最佳实践
- 推广高技术的使用和以用户为中心
There is little widespread information available on how the technology has been adopted and deployed. Those pursuing development in the field of GIS had different goals, meaning there was no set direction for research to follow. A single path finally surfaced when GIS became the focus of commercial activity with satellite imaging technology. Mass applications were thus initiated for business and private use. As the system continuously advanced in Canada throughout the 1970s and 1980s, by the 1990s it was driven by mainframe hardware, with data sets from the entire Canadian landmass.
- 没有统一研究方向
- GIS通过卫星成像技术成为商业活动的焦点时，开始了大规模申请，供商业和私人使用
- 1990s 大型机使用管理整个加拿大的数据集
桌面GIS和广泛采用（商业软件时代）1975-1990s
孤独时期
As governments realized the advantages of digital mapping, this influenced the work of the Harvard Laboratory Computer Graphics. In the mid-1970s, Harvard Laboratory Computer Graphics developed the first vector GIS called ODYSSEY GIS. Esri’s ARC/INFO used the technical framework from ODYSSEY GIS and this work led to the next stage of development in GIS – software commercialization.
- 哈佛实验室
- 计算机图形学
- 第一套矢量GIS-ODYSSEY GIS, Esri的ARC / INFO使用了ODYSSEY GIS的技术框架,导致了GIS的下一阶段开发-软件商业化
- 杰克（Jack）和劳拉·丹格蒙（Laura Dangermond）于1969年创立了埃斯里（Esri）。杰克丹格蒙德（Jack Dangermond）是现任总裁。（夫妻店）
- ESRI（Environmental Systems Research Institute） 翻译 “环境系统研究所”
In the late 1970s, memory size and graphics capabilities were improving. New computer cartography products included GIMMS (Geographic Information Making and Management Systems), MAPICS, SURFACE, GRID, IMGRID, GEOMAP and MAP. In the late 1980s, this segment of GIS history was marked with an increasing range of GIS software vendors. 在1970年代后期，内存大小和图形功能不断提高。新的计算机制图产品包括GIMMS（地理信息制作和管理系统），MAPICS，SURFACE，GRID，IMGRID，GEOMAP和MAP。在1980年代后期，这部分GIS历史以越来越多的GIS软件供应商为标志。
One of these GIS software vendors was Esri – which is now the largest GIS software company in the world. In 1982, ARC/INFO for minicomputers was launched and in 1986, PC ARC/INFO was launched with the production of the Intel microcomputer. Esri is now the world’s leading experts in GIS software development and it has played a key role in the history of GIS. 这些GIS软件供应商之一是Esri，它现在是全球最大的GIS软件公司。1982年，推出了用于微型计算机的ARC / INFO，1986年，随着英特尔微型计算机的生产，发布了PC ARC / INFO。Esri现在是GIS软件开发的全球领先专家，并且在GIS历史上发挥了关键作用。
在GIS历史的这一点上，它在一些首次会议和发表的工作中也获得了关注。1975年在英国举行了第一次GIS会议。其中包括一小群学者。第一次Esri会议于1981年举行，吸引了18名与会者。GIS咨询开始兴起。罗杰·汤姆林森（Roger Tomlinson）在1968年的出版物“用于区域规划的地理信息系统”中首次使用了“地理信息系统”一词。对于GIS来说，那真是一个孤独的时期。
用户激增
条件
- Cheaper, faster and more powerful computers 便宜，更快，功能更强大的计算机
- Multiple software options and data availability 多种软件选项和数据可用性
- The launch of new satellites and integration of remote sensing technology 新卫星的发射和遥感技术的融合
问题
但是技术的进步已经超过了普通用户。GIS用户不知道如何充分利用GIS技术。公司不愿采用GIS软件。国家/地区无法访问地形数据。
Throughout the 1990s, software company Esri released ArcView, a desktop solution for mapping systems. The influx of the Internet saw widespread adoption of GIS heading into the millennium, and the technology reached governmental authorities.
- 整个二十世纪九十年代
- Esri公司 ArcView
- 技术伴随互联网GIS广泛采用
- 技术进入政府机关
Many companies, such as Nobel Systems, adopted the technology to provide services to cities, municipalities and private organizations to manage assets in the field, gather business intelligence, and easily send data to the company headquarters to analyze.
- 诺贝尔系统
- 帮助政府和私人公司管理资产，收集情报和发送数据
Businesses are less inclined to share data and join the growing trend, deterred because their data might provide a commercial advantage for others.
- 多平台数据所有权问题
- openstreetmap例子
开源爆炸时代 2010至今
- QGIS
